Diabetes

The "concept of"diabetes"It is common to denote a group of endocrine diseases that develop in the body as a result of absolute or relative deficiency of the hormoneinsulin- In view of this condition, the patient is manifestedHyperglycemia- Significant increase in glucose in human blood.Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a chronic course.In the process of developing the disease, a violation of the metabolism as a whole occurs: it is violatedgreasyToproteinTocarbohydrateTomineralAndwater beltexchange.According to WHO statistics, about 150 million people are ill in the world of diabetes.By the way, not only one person, but also animals, such as cats, are also ill in diabetes.

The word "diabetes" is the meaning of the Greek language.Therefore, the concept of "diabetes mellitus" means "sugar loses".In this case, the main sign of the disease is the selection of sugar in the urine.To date, there are many studies on the causes of the disease, but the causes of the disease and complications are not yet available.

Types of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus sometimes occurs in humans as a manifestation of underlying disease.In this case we are talkingAsymptomatic diabetesthat can occur according to the background of the defeatthyroidorpancreas glandsToadrenalToThe pituitary gland- In addition, this form of diabetes develops the consequences of treating some drugs.And if the treatment of the underlying disease goes away successfully, diabetes will heal.

Diabetes mellitus is usually divided into two forms: thisType 1 diabetes, ie,,Insulin -dependentandType 2 diabetes, that is,Insulin -dependentOr

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is most often manifested in young people: usually most of these patients are not thirty years old.About 10-15% of the total number of patients with diabetes suffers in this form of the disease.Diabetes mellitus of children manifests itself primarily in this form.

The first type of diabetes is the result of damage to the beta cell cells of insulin.Very often this type of diabetes patients after viral diseases -mumpsToviral hepatitisToRublich- First type of diabetes often occur as ASAutoimmune diseasebDue to the error of the body's immune system.As a general rule, unhealthy thinness occurs in a person with the first type of diabetes.In the blood, the sugar level increases significantly.Patients with first type of diabetes depend on the constant injection of insulin, which become vital.

Patients with type 2 diabetes are dominated by diabetics.However, patients with this form of disease have approx.15% have normal weight and everyone else is overweight.

Type 2 diabetes develops as a result of a fundamentally different cause.In this case, beta cells are sufficient or too much insulin, but body tissue loses its ability to accept the specific signal.In this case, there is no need for insulin injections for survival, but they are sometimes prescribed to check the patient's blood sugar.

Causes of diabetes

One form of type 1 diabetes"Insulin -dependent", the main reason for this form may be complications after viral infections such asfluToherpesandcholelithiasis- factors that contribute to the disease of type 2 diabetes"Insulin -dependent", genetic predisposition and endocrine system and obesity diseases.

The main cause of the manifestation of diabetes is reducedCarbohydrate metabolism, which is due to the fact that the pancreas is impossible for the production of the right amount of insulin hormone or for the production of the necessary insulin.There are many assumptions to the causes of such a state.It is certainly known that diabetes is not a striking disease.There is a theory that the cause of the disease is genetic defects.It has been shown that a greater risk of the disease is present in people whose close relatives have suffered from diabetes.The likelihood of the disease in people whose diabetes has been diagnosed with both parents is particularly high.

Experts define another major factor that directly affects the possibility of diabetesobesity- In this case, a person is accessible to adjust his own weight, so he has to deal with this issue with all seriousness.

Another provocative factor is a number of diseases resulting from defeatBeta -cells“We'll talk about it above allpancreatitisToDiseases of other glands of internal secretionTopancreatic cancerOr

Viral infections can serve as a kind of trigger mechanism for the onset of diabetes.From all cases of viral infections, they do not start diabetes by far.People who have a hereditary character in diabetes and other arrangement factors are much higher at risk of infection.

In addition, doctors determine it as a predisposing factor of the factor.tensionAnd emotional surge.Elderly people need to remember the possibility of patient diabetes: the older one is, the more likely the disease is.

At the same time, many people assume that in diabetes, those who like to consume a lot of sugar and sweet products are at risk of being sick of the most likely obesity of such people.

In rare cases, children and adults are diabetes -mellitic as a result of certain hormonal disorders, and damage to the pancreas due to alcohol consumption or taking some drugs.

Another assumption indicates the viral nature of diabetes.Thus, type 1 diabetes is a result of viral damage to the beta cells of the pancreas, which produces insulin.In response, the immune system producesantibodiesthat are calledislandOr

To date, however, there are many blurred points in determining the causes of diabetes.

Symptoms of diabetes

Above all, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus are shown in too intense production of urine.A person not only often but also starts a lot about urinating (a called phenomenonPolyuria).In view of such a phenomenon, the patient is very muchThirst“It stands out with the urineglucose, a person loses calories.Therefore, the sign of diabetes mellitus will also be a very strong appetite due to the constant feeling of hunger.

Other unpleasant phenomena occur as symptoms of diabetes: severe fatigue,Permanent drowsiness, presence of itching in the perineum.The patient can freeze the limbs and the visual acuity is gradually reduced.

The disease progresses and the following signs of diabetes are manifested.The patient notes that his wounds heal much worse, gradually inhibiting the body's life.

It is important to note that the main signs of diabetes that all people need to pay attention to is the loss of vitality, the constant feeling of thirst, and the body rapidly selected with the urine of the fluid consumed.

At first, however, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus cannot occur at all and the disease can only be determined by laboratory tests.If the disease does not appear and a slightly increased sugar content is observed in the blood and the presence of urine is diagnosed in a personPrediabetic state- It is characteristic of many people and after ten to fifteen years, type 2 diabetes developed.In this case, insulin does not perform a sharing functioncarbohydrates- As a result, too little glucose enters the bloodstream, which is an energy source.

Diagnosis of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is gradually manifested in one person, so doctors distinguish between three periods of development.In people who are prone to the disease due to the presence of certain risk factors, the so -called period is manifestedPrediabet- If glucose is already absorbed with disorders but signs of the disease are not yet occurring, the patient is diagnosed during the periodhidden diabetes- The third period is directly the disease.

Laboratory tests are particularly important for diagnosing diabetes in children and adults.Can be found when examining the urineacetoneAndsugar- The fastest method of making a diagnosis is a blood test in which glucose content is determined.In fact, this is the most reliable diagnostic method.

Higher research accuracy guarantees the oral tolerance of glucose tolerance.Initially, it should be determined the level of glucose levels in the patient's blood on an empty stomach.Then one person should drink a glass of water in which 75 grams of glucose should be spoiled.After two hours, a second measurement will be made.If the glucose content was between 3.3 and 7.0 mmol/l, it is disturbed by glucose tolerance as a result of more than 11.1 mmol/l, the patient is diagnosed with diabetes.

In additionglycogenIn order to determine the long -lasting average (about 3 months) of blood sugar levels.This method is also used to determine how effective it was to treat diabetes over the last three months.

Treatment of diabetes

Doctors prescribe a comprehensive treatment of diabetes to support the normal content of glucose in the blood.In this case it is important to consider that nonehyperglycemia, ie an increase in sugar levels, norHypoglycemia, that is, his fall.

Throughout the day, glucose content should be about the same level.This support allows us to prevent the manifestation of diabetes complications that are life -threatening.Therefore, it is very important that the person himself carefully checks his or her state and to be as most obvious as possible to treat the disease.Glucometer- This is a specially designed device that allows independent measurement of blood glucose levels.For analysis, blood from your finger and apply to a test strip.

It is important for children and adults to treat diabetes immediately after making a proper diagnosis for a person.The doctor determines the methods of treating diabetes mellitus, given the type of diabetes.

To treat type 1 diabetes, it is important to provide lifelong hormone replacement therapy.For this, insulin injections are diagnosed with first type of diabetes every day.In this case, there is no other treatment option.Before the role of insulin was determined in 1921, diabetes did not allow treatment.

There is a special insulin classification based on where the drug comes from and how much its effect.DistinguishbullishToporkAndhumaninsulin.Due to the detection of many side effects, bull insulin is now rarely used.Their closest structure to man is pork insulin.The difference is in oneamino acid- The duration of the effects of insulins may beShortToAverageToLongOr

As a general rule, the patient is approx.It produces insulin in 20-30 minutes before meals.The comb, shoulder or stomach is inserted subcutaneously, while the injection should be changed at every injection.

When insulin enters the blood, stimulates glucose transition from blood to tissue.If it was overdose, it is full of hypoglycaemia.The symptoms of this condition are as follows: the patient's trembling, the separation of increased sweat, a heartbeat accelerates, and one feels strong weakness.In this state, one should quickly increase the glucose level, using several tablespoons of sugar or a glass of sweet water.

The insulin submission system should only be selected by one specialist, taking into account all the characteristics of the body and the image of his life.The selection of daily insulin doses is prepared to meet the physiological norm.Two thirds of the hormone dose are accepted in the morning and afternoon, afternoon and night.There are many different systems to introduce injections whose use is determined by the doctor.Correction of insulin doses is possible depending on many factors (diet, physical loads, characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism).Independent measurement of glucose levels and keeping self -observation records play an important role in determining the optimum intake of insulin.

In this case, the proper diet is very necessary in diabetes.It is important that the patient take food according to a special scheme: three main meals and three additional meals.The power of diabetes takes into account the fact that carbohydrates are mostly increased by carbohydrates.However, it is not necessary to severely restrict their use.In addition to normal human body weight, it is important to take into account the amount of carbohydrates to select the proper dose of insulin.

If a person has a second type of diabetes, you cannot take drugs at all at the beginning of the disease.In this case, a diet with diabetes is important, which requires minimizing the use of simple carbohydrates and a competent approach to physical effort.If diabetes progresses, medication is required.The doctor prescribes treatment with sugar -free medicines.Chooses appropriate drugs from derivativessulfonelmochevinaToPrandial gikemia regulators- help to increase tissue sensitivity to insulinBiguanides(Drugs also reduce glucose absorption in the intestine) andthiazolidindo- In the absence of treatment with specific medicines, patients prescribe insulin therapy.

In diabetes, folk recipes are also practiced, which stimulate a decrease in blood sugar.For this purpose, the decoction of herbs with such properties is used.It is a blueberry, linseed, leaf wings, bay, juniper and lace fruits, burdock root, dioFous nettle leaf, etc.

Diabetes power

For patientssugarType 1 diabetesThe main treatment of diabetes is insulin injections and diet is a significant supplement to drug treatment while for patientsType 2 diabetes- The main method of treatment is the diet -based diet.As the normal functioning of diabetes is deterioratedpancreas, which leads to a reduction in the production of insulin that is involved in the assimilation of sugar by the body, then the proper nutrition and diet are of great importance.The diet of diabetes is used to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and prevent metabolism of fats.

What should be the food:

• frequent and regular meal (preferably4-5 timesIt is advisable to distribute the use of carbohydrates evenly according to meals daily, at about the same time);
• Food should be richmacroAndmicronutrients(zinc, calcium, phosphorus, potassium) and alsovitamins(Group B, A, P, ascorbic acid, retinol, riboflavin, thiamine vitamins);
• Foods should be changed;
• sugarIt's worth replacingsorbitol, xylitis, fructose, aspartamorsugarywhich can be added to the appropriate foods and drinks;
• You can use it before1.5 litersDaily liquids;
• The hard -to -digest carbohydrates (vegetables, fruits, bread from coarse flour) should be digested, fiber (raw vegetables, beans, peas, oats) should be digested and restricted to cholesterol -rich products - egg yolks, liver, kidneys;
• The diet should be strictly observed in order not to provoke the development or aggravation of the disease.

The diet of diabetes does not prohibit sugar and, in some cases, recommends the following products in the diet:

• Black or specialDiabetic bread(200-300 gr.);
• vegetable soup, cabbage soup, okroshki, beetroot;
• Broth soups can be consumed twice a week;
• Low fat meat (beef, calf, rabbit), poultry (Turkey, chicken), fish (pike perch, cod, pike) (100-150 gr) cooked, baked or casting;
• Useful cereals (buckwheat, oatmeal, millet) and pasta foods, legumes can be consumed every other days;
• potatoes, carrots and beets - up to 200 g.daily;
• The other vegetables - including cabbage, including colorful, cucumbers, spinach, tomatoes, eggplant and greens, can be consumed without restrictions;
• Eggs should not be more than 2 pieces;
• 200-300 gr. On the day of apple, orange, lemon, this is possible in the form of fruit juices consisting of pulp;
• Dairy products (kefir, yogurt) -1-2 cups daily, and cheese, milk and sour cream, with the permission of the doctor;
• We recommend that the low-fat curd can be consumed at 150-200 gr daily.daily in any form;
• It can be consumed from daily fats to 40 g.Warm butter and vegetable oil.

Drinks are allowed to drink black, green tea, weak coffee, fruit juices, acidic varieties, xylitis or sorbitol, lace -saucepan decoction and mineral water.

It is important for diabetics.Easy -to -digest carbohydrates- Such products include sugar, honey, jam, sweets, sweets, chocolate.The use of cakes, muffins, fruits - bananas, raisins, grapes is strictly limited.In addition, it is worth minimizing the usefatty food, above all, fat, vegetables and butter, fatty meat, sausage, mayonnaise.In addition, it is better to exclude fried, sharp, spicy and smoked foods, sharp snacks, salted vegetables, cream, alcohol from the diet.Daily salted salt can be consumed up to 12 g.

Diet for diabetes

The diet with diabetes should be observed without a malfunction.Dietary characteristics in diabetes in this case means normalizing carbohydrate metabolism in the human body and, at the same time, facilitates the function of the pancreas.Diet does not include easy -to -digest carbohydrates, restricts usefats- People with diabetes need to consume a lot of vegetables, but at the same time restrict foods and salt containing cholesterol.Foods should be baked and cooked.

Patients with diabetes are recommended to consume many cabbage, tomatoes, zucchini, herbs, cucumbers and beets.Patients with diabetes may consume xylitol, sorbitol and fructose instead of sugar.At the same time, the amount of potatoes, bread, cereals, carrots, fats, honey should be limited.

It is forbidden for sweets, chocolate, sweets, jam, banana, spicy, smoked, ram and pork fats, mustard, alcohol, grapes, raisins to eat.

At the same time, you should always take food, the food input cannot be transferred.The food should contain a lot of fiber.To do this, you should regularly contain legumes, rice, oats, buckwheat in the diet.Patients with diabetes should drink plenty of fluids every day.

9. Diet

Dietologists have developed a special diet recommended as the main diet for diabetes.One of the features of diet 9 is that it can be adapted to the patient's unique tastes, added or excluded some food.A diet in diabetes creates the conditions for normalizing carbohydrate metabolism, promotes the patient's performance and develops the severity of the disease, simultaneous diseases, weight and energy costs.There is still 9a.Diet used as the basis for compiling your dietA mild form of diabetes- as well as in forms with different degrees of obesity in patients who do not receive insulin and 9b with increased protein consumption, patients with severe diabetes and have additional physical activity.HeavyDiseases of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas are often complicated.

9. DietContains about such a diet:

• The first breakfast(Work, at 7 am): buckwheat porridge, meat paste or low oily curd;Tea xlet, bread with butter.
• Lunch(at lunch time, 12 hours of the day): cottage cheese, 1 cup kefir.
• Dinner(After work, 5 pm of the day): vegetable soup, potatoes with boiled meat, an apple or orange.Or: destroyed cabbage soup, cooked meat with steamed carrots, tea xylitan.
• Dinner(8 pm in the evening): cooked fish with cabbage or potato taps, lace lone decoction.
• Before going to bed with a glass of kefir or yogurt.

To prevent diabetes

Prevention of diabetes ensures maintaining the most healthy lifestyle.You should not enable extra pounds, constantly play exercise and sports.Everyone should reduce the use of fat and sweets.If a person is forty years old or in his or her family, the prevention of diabetes sugar will provide regular examination of blood sugar levels.

You should try to eat a lot of fruits and vegetables every day and contain more products in your diet with large complex carbohydrates.It is just as important to monitor how much salt and sugar enters the daily diet - in this case, abuse is not allowed.The diet should be a multi -vitamin product.

In addition, to prevent diabetes, it is important that you are constantly in a mental balance to avoid stressful situations.In addition, carbohydrate metabolism is manifested as a result of increased pressure, so it is very important to prevent this condition in advance.

Complications of diabetes

Complications of diabetes, which are manifested when the treatment of diabetes is not carried out, is a particular threat to human health and life or improperly performed.Such complications often result in a fatal result.It is common to distinguish between acute complications of diabetes, which develop rapidly in the patient and late complications that occur a few years later.

Acute complications of diabetes are manifestedcoma: In this condition, the patient loses his consciousness, violated the functions of many organs - liver, kidneys, heart, nervous system.Causes of coma development are strong changesleannessViolation of the ratio of blood, salt and water in the body, high manifestation of lactic acid, and a sharp decrease in glucose blood.

As the late complications of diabetes, the damage to the kidneys and the small vessels of the eyes are often occurring.If you affect a large vessel you may occurblowTomyocardial infarctionToGangrene legs- The human nervous system also suffers.